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This radiative cooling contributes to generate shallow mesoscale circulations (Naumann et al. In addition, the emission of infrared radiation to space produces an efficient cooling of the lower atmosphere in which clouds form. Trade-cumuli warm the layer in which they form through condensation, but cool the subcloud layer and the trade inversion through the evaporation of falling raindrops and detrained droplets. 2014), detrain and help sustain (evaporatively and radiatively) the trade-wind temperature-inversion layer higher up. If many of these clouds do not rise by more than a few hundred metres above their base, some reach higher levels (e.g Nuijens et al. These broken shallow clouds form within the lowest kilometres of the atmosphere, influenced at their base by small-scale turbulent motions of the warm, moist surface layer, and at their top by the large-scale sinking motions of the warm and dry overlying free troposphere. Of all the clouds that populate the Earth’s atmosphere, trade-cumuli count among the most fascinating expressions of the interplay between clouds and circulations. It will also be an opportunity for complementary investigations such as evaluating model convective parameterizations or studying the role of ocean mesoscale eddies in air–sea interactions and convective organization. Beyond a better understanding of clouds-circulation coupling processes, the campaign will provide a reference data set that may be used as a benchmark for advancing the modelling and the satellite remote sensing of clouds and circulation. To understand and resolve this contradiction, we propose to organize a field campaign aimed at quantifying the physical properties of trade-cumuli (e.g., cloud fraction and water content) as a function of the large-scale environment. Climate models predict that the area covered by shallow cumuli at cloud base is very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions, while process models suggest the opposite. Numerical models represent this interplay in diverse ways, which translates into different responses of trade-cumuli to climate perturbations.
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Research over the last decade has pointed out the importance of the interplay between clouds, convection and circulation in controling this sensitivity.
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You can also check out the climate tutorials right in Universe Sandbox ²: Home -> Main -> Activities.Trade-wind cumuli constitute the cloud type with the highest frequency of occurrence on Earth, and it has been shown that their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions will critically influence the magnitude and pace of future global warming. But simulating them in Universe Sandbox ² can help you gain a more intuitive understanding of what is possible for the future of Earth’s climate.Ĭheck out this blog post by Naomi, Universe Sandbox ²’s climate scientist, to learn more about how we simulate climate: Climate in Universe Sandbox ². Below is a simulation of RCP6 through 2100. To see how the different scenarios play out, you can graph Earth’s temperature over the course of several decades. This has the effect of increasing the greenhouse effect and ultimately increases the average temperature of the planet. The change in net radiative energy balance is also specified by the scenarios, and we put that right into our energy balance as a decrease in outgoing infrared energy. Once enabled, the pathway’s concentration level will be tied to the simulation year. Click the (+) icon to select one of the other 4 scenarios. In Universe Sandbox ², you can enable RCPs by selecting the Climate tab in Earth’s properties and toggling “Select an RCP Scenario.” The default is RCP 8 5.
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(This is simplified for the sake of this introduction you can learn more here.) One assumes a peak in greenhouse gases in the next decade, while another assumes that there will never be stabilization. Not only do the scenarios project different outcomes for concentrations, but, importantly, they each follow a unique trajectory based on a range of possible socio-economic changes. To stabilize concentrations, decreases in emissions are required, because even when emissions are lowered, CO₂ hangs around in the atmosphere for a long time. Each RCP makes different assumptions about how and when these factors might change. Policies, land use, global population, our attitudes toward production and consumption - these can all have a huge impact on greenhouse gas emissions. There are many factors we can consider when looking at what changes will affect emissions. CO₂ emissions and associated concentrations generated from the RCP Database.